tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44683767436555700192024-02-07T11:06:06.638-08:00Institute of Regional Studies, IslamabadInstitute of Regional Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00924335212555025555noreply@blogger.comBlogger5125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4468376743655570019.post-16207839040861756892018-12-04T22:54:00.002-08:002018-12-04T23:23:22.715-08:00Chinese Consulate Attack in Karachi<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Chinese Consulate Attack in Karachi</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjetTz3_lA8sl-gOjDePrvJ4ClnX-ilrgXBALqfWUdFhrO0vKhUfXk8oUc4xoEx9HH2vaTvjUmZrwAd3tcjZjFbTAmGTGdhNuUBSut-vtSusEokv7j427s7nCo0jjZ8tn-OridEfPuwPQqh/s1600/China-Pak.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="586" data-original-width="784" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjetTz3_lA8sl-gOjDePrvJ4ClnX-ilrgXBALqfWUdFhrO0vKhUfXk8oUc4xoEx9HH2vaTvjUmZrwAd3tcjZjFbTAmGTGdhNuUBSut-vtSusEokv7j427s7nCo0jjZ8tn-OridEfPuwPQqh/s320/China-Pak.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
attack by terrorists of the Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) on the
Chinese Consulate in Karachi on 23 September 2018 represents a sign of
hostility from numerous external actors toward the welfare of Pakistan.
It is important to note that the BLA is a terrorist organization whose
leaders have openly attended talks in India in the past and which,
despite frequent targeting of innocent civilians as its victims, finds
refuge in European states such as the UK and Switzerland. Sources have
also stated that a famous BLA commander affiliated with the attackers is
being treated medically in India. The US-backed Kabul regime is also
complicit in supporting such anti-Pakistan terrorists.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> The attack is significant because it is part of the joint strategic policy of several external actors to attack Pakistan on numerous fronts as part of what is often described as hybrid warfare – warfare using overt and also covert, deniable means involving information propaganda and support to paramilitary groups and non-state actors. The attack itself represented an attempt to isolate Pakistan from a close ally in China by driving a wedge between the two, with the ‘isolation of Pakistan’ being a policy the Indian premier Modi openly talked about in 2015 onwards. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The attack also aims to achieve the disruption of Chinese investment in Pakistan, CPEC, which is a vital part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) since it provides China a land corridor to ports on the Arabian Sea thus reducing Chinese dependence on the Straits of Malacca where hostile naval presences threaten its trade routes. CPEC also connects China’s problematic Xinjiang autonomous territory where it hopes to generate businesses and employment for the locals through trade with Pakistan for the sake of addressing grievances of the agitated Uighur Muslims living there. CPEC is thus crucial to Chinese policy-makers and to its US-Indo rivals, with the US having declared China a major rival and having made several concessions to Chinese rival India to maintain the ongoing US-Indo defence and strategic relations progress.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In addition, destabilizing Balochistan which is crucial to CPEC for the sake of damaging both Iran and Pakistan has been discussed by prominent US think tanks such as the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Brookings Institution. Certain US Congress members in the past also expressed sympathetic views toward Baloch separatism and certain US media portray Baloch separatists in a positive light. Balochistan-based terrorists are proposed by such strategists as a weapon against both Iran and Pakistan. Balochistan-based terror groups such as Jundullah and Jaish e Adl receive assistance from Israeli intelligence services to attack Iran. Assisting them is additionally a means of creating distrust between Iran and Pakistan and India is complicit in this aspect of the hybrid war as per the isolation strategy.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">These circumstances demand a comprehensive and multidimensional counter-strategy from Pakistan to which all state institutions contribute as stakeholders. Along the lines of the National Action Plan (NAP), a more multi-dimensional action plan must thus be devised which covers all aspects of the hybrid warfare against Pakistan. Current discourse on the full range actors complicit in this hybrid warfare, barring India, is weak and foreign policy is not tailored to meeting the challenges. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The military rapprochement with Iran initiated by the COAS General Bajwa must be complimented with enhancing economic ties and turning Iran into a major energy supplier as a cheaper alternative to existing ones. The Iran-Pakistan pipeline will bring immediate energy benefits to the sensitive province of Balochistan as well. Soft policy toward the Kabul regime must be abandoned as fruitless and open dialogue carried out with the Taliban carried out as is being done by several SCO states currently. Any hostility by the Afghan side regarding fencing of the border must be responded to by the military and terrorist camps operating freely on Afghan soil must be targeted and destroyed. Considering Chinese and Russian backing, Pakistan must begin discussions to shut down the NATO transit route to Afghanistan thus compelling the US to take into consideration that Pakistan has provided it since long with the least costly and shortest shipping routes.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Credit: Agha Hussain Akram </span></div>
Institute of Regional Studieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00924335212555025555noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4468376743655570019.post-8005794598946984812016-09-26T23:23:00.003-07:002016-09-26T23:25:53.210-07:00Using General Assembly to spit out at each other<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">This
is not the first time that India and Pakistan are engaged in a fierce exchange
of words over the issue of Kashmir in UN General Assembly. The UNGA had been
used in the past too to advocate and defend oneself while castigating the
other’s position on Kashmir. The main agenda set for the 71<sup>st</sup>
regular session of the UN General Assembly was sustainable development of the
world. However in their general debates, India and Pakistan instead of inspecting
or speaking about regional and national issues pertaining to social development
focused their respective speeches on leveling allegations against states’
interests. Isn’t war-torn Kashmir a matter of human security that needs to find
a space in the realm of regional sustainable development? Doesn’t Pakistan’s
stance about human rights violations in Jammu & Kashmir relate to absent
international concerns about the conflict ridden territory? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sustainable
development is intrinsically linked to peace. One like India could not speak of
sustainable development or poverty eradication without eliminating military and
weapons from her backyard. More so, because the United Nations was created in
the post-World War II to promote international peace and stability after the humanity
faced gross genocidal episodes in two world wars. However with wrong practices
established, the UN herself provides a platform for those engaged in war and
militancy to promote their cause either in the name of world peace like the USA
did in the case of Iraq and Afghanistan or in the name of defending their
national interests like India does in the case of Jammu and Kashmir. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
question arises that how could the regular sessions of the UN General Assembly provide
podiums to member states to sell their propagandas which are in clear violation
of both the debate agenda and charter of the United Nations? Why the rights of
reply revolve around only blame game marginalizing the real agenda of the
international forum? Be it Israel or India, the issues of Palestine and Jammu
& Kashmir provide only half-truths to the already well-aware international
community who serve as mere blind spectators outside the UN building and as
deaf listeners at General Assembly sessions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asma Yaqoob<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Research Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.irs.org.pk/" target="_blank">Institute of Regional Studies</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Islamabad</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04695631171115092797noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4468376743655570019.post-24386639229308991422016-09-08T00:55:00.002-07:002016-09-08T01:02:17.418-07:00Conflict Versus Coalition of Civilizations<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "cabin" , "open sans" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhqCThAHcAchJAn6NazDPfbnbqZk6NrgUqda3hPVCdySUg-UO5fJkXk6Etx6z2MN0ZEzvVjgD9a2OIca5TtMWvmLzZjP8GhXvSLtyB6FOW7f9oyCCnVCq2adc9rI37dR3RJXd7LD-TyEcf/s1600/clash_of_civilizations.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhqCThAHcAchJAn6NazDPfbnbqZk6NrgUqda3hPVCdySUg-UO5fJkXk6Etx6z2MN0ZEzvVjgD9a2OIca5TtMWvmLzZjP8GhXvSLtyB6FOW7f9oyCCnVCq2adc9rI37dR3RJXd7LD-TyEcf/s400/clash_of_civilizations.jpg" width="400" /></a></b></span></div>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "cabin" , "open sans" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px;"><b> </b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "cabin" , "open sans" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px;"><b>The 20th century’s assertion and held close to the heart of western scholars even in the 21st century that two civilizations or two alternative cultural entities must need a clash could be rebutted by the past and current episodes of reconciliation between various civilizations. The recent reconciliation between Iran and USA (West) is a clear sign of civilizational rapprochement because Iran represents strong historical connections across Middle East culturally and socially.</b></span></div>
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Putting it in other words, the West is forging alliances (military or economic) with Iran as the ‘other’ representative of Islamic world and out casting its traditional champions – the Sunni Saudi Arabia, to secure interests in Asia and beyond. Such a strategy is not a new invention. It was adopted by the West (Britain and Roman Catholic France) to align with the Ottoman Muslims against the Russian Christian Orthodoxy in 1854 and later with the Shiite Safavid Empire against the Sunni Ottomans. The history of empires and nations is full of deeds where only interests - not faith or ideologies dictate cooperation and conflict.</div>
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Robert D. Kaplan writes in The Atlantic, “The practical approach to Islamist terrorism is not always to fight terrorists everywhere, but to play Shiites against Sunnis and vice versa, depending upon the circumstances. By warming up to Iran, we would not be siding with the Shiites against the Sunnis per se, but rather manipulating both sides more effectively than we have in the past.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[i]</a></div>
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But as Robert D. Kaplan himself explains, it won’t be a complete end of alliance with Saudi Arabia but given the strategic nature of Middle East politics, a détente (Iran, Israel, Saudi Arabia) would be the preferable policy option for United States<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[ii]</a> to use each of them against balancing the other. </div>
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Since being placed by USA in “axis of evil” alongside Iraq and North Korea immediately after Iranian Revolution of 1979, relationship between West and Iran has been facing upside down with little hopes of any thaw. The post 9/11 alliances of West against Taliban and Al-Qaeda provided both USA and Iran an opportunity to join hands against Taliban in Afghanistan. This period of cooperation was ended soon with the ouster of Taliban from Kabul. As the victories of USA in Afghanistan and Iraq proved short-lived, regional players like Iran have become important for the West. The influence of Iran in neighboring countries and her strong historical and cultural linkages in the region revived American and western interests in the country. Reconciliation with Iran is in the interests of United States to curb insurgents in Iraq and Afghanistan, to stop the civil war in Syria and to overcome the extremist Islamic State (IS). </div>
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The hostile relations between different Christian states in medieval and early modern Europe endorsed the Ottomans to exchange diplomatic and military bonds with each of them in a unique way. If asking Ottomans for military aid and assistance was need of the hour for many Christian states of Europe at that time, nurturing military alliances with Iran and Syria is one of the important foreign policy goals for United States at present. Pakistan has remained one of the important military allies for USA in the latter’s proxy war against Soviet Union in Afghanistan.</div>
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Nations cooperate and compete with each other in every age for strategic objectives. What become important are their mutual exchanges for evolutionary learning and reawakening. </div>
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Thus, history always offers a space for reconciliation of civilizations without being conflicting about their respective inconsistencies. Military and cultural reconciliation of Christian emperors with mighty Ottomans in early modern Europe and military and economic interaction between Christian and Islamic world of modern times ascertain this belief. It is just another way of looking at things rather than becoming cross-civilizational about conflict of interests. </div>
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Asma Yaqoob</div>
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Research Analyst</div>
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<a href="http://irs.org.pk/" target="_blank">IRS</a>, Islamabad</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04695631171115092797noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4468376743655570019.post-5811355414785487372016-09-08T00:51:00.003-07:002016-09-08T01:03:33.937-07:00E-battle of Kashmiris<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjztO1n8bMl37cz9rdWtg_GqSGKC0qy9Ril1UjURUI0Fpe9rsvUKz7Z0QYN1FFtATSf6_d6mx2xK0R_vr27i1EwJVi-3YUofJBBo16a1ky7vE57IMqU8dhDqfWygl6kxznYQ0-WPJYB2z8U/s1600/c2f5ff11-e9f8-46a6-a1eb-0eba9a3b5930.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjztO1n8bMl37cz9rdWtg_GqSGKC0qy9Ril1UjURUI0Fpe9rsvUKz7Z0QYN1FFtATSf6_d6mx2xK0R_vr27i1EwJVi-3YUofJBBo16a1ky7vE57IMqU8dhDqfWygl6kxznYQ0-WPJYB2z8U/s400/c2f5ff11-e9f8-46a6-a1eb-0eba9a3b5930.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>Traumatized by incessant warfare, high unemployment, political alienation and social insecurities, the youth in Indian held Kashmir is hanging on to media technologies to show up the inhuman face of India to the larger world. Media and web based discussion groups often initiated by Kashmiris living in UK and elsewhere are providing alternate spaces to youth in Kashmir for catharsis. But this new battle is also counterattacked by the Indian Government with a frequent ban on text messages<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Documents/docs/IRS%202016/Feb%202016%20IRS%20Paper/Paper.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[i]</span></span></span></a>and cyber surveillance. </b></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Cabin, "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0in; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kashmiri diaspora is everywhere in the world now. Those who have fled Indian atrocities in the Valley are now well-established, many of them exerting political influence in US and British Parliaments. Many migrants from the Mirpur district (Pakistani side or Azad Kashmir) belong to prominent British-Pakistani community in London. They are quite active in using social networking sites to raise awareness among the international community about civic and political rights of people living in IHK. Many from this diaspora have established online NGOs to promote Kashmir cause and freedom mission.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Cabin, "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0in; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The use of social media as an alternate means of protest has also become popular amongst separatist leadership groups whose sole reliance on strike calls and protest calendars was gradually rejected by the local people questioning the efficacy of shutting down the daily businesses. The Hurriyat leaders are themselves using Facebook and Twitter accounts to bridge the gap between people and leadership.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Documents/docs/IRS%202016/Feb%202016%20IRS%20Paper/Paper.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[ii]</span></span></span></a> <o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Cabin, "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0in; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Most modestly termed as “cyber intifada”, the passionate youth of Kashmir are using their cellphone cameras to wage an alternate form of war against Indian atrocities. It has now become a battle of bullet versus stone and photo. In the words of Peter Goodspeed, “the youths record and photograph the clashes, posting images of the dead, sobbing mothers and funerals on Facebook and other websites….An uprising generated by Internet social sites is an angry amorphous force with no defined leadership.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Documents/docs/IRS%202016/Feb%202016%20IRS%20Paper/Paper.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[iii]</span></span></span></a> There is a shift in resistance approach for many of the Kashmiris who now prefer street and online remonstrations over armed struggle. Those preferring e-protests are children of the conflict<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Documents/docs/IRS%202016/Feb%202016%20IRS%20Paper/Paper.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[iv]</span></span></span></a> born during or after the rebellion movement and witnessed their families suffer from street violence in the sixty years of conflict. Street protests are now promoted and scheduled through Facebook and Twitter pages. The ‘million march’ was being organized on November 7, 2015 to counter Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s rally in Srinagar through social networking groups</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3e3e3e; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. </span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Over 120 such pages were identified by the cyber cell of Jammu and Kashmir Police Force in an attempt to block most of them.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Documents/docs/IRS%202016/Feb%202016%20IRS%20Paper/Paper.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[v]</span></span></span></a> Facebook and Twitter based chat groups revolve around anti-India discussions and often involve pro-freedom chants and slogans.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Cabin, "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0in; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Many of the multimedia messages on YouTube and Facebook reporting innocent killings by the Indian Security Forces in Kashmir receive viral response (see figure 2) and often end up in street rallies and mass protests. This has led the Indian Government to enforce cyber surveillance and making arrests for many Kashmiris with charges of terrorism and hate speech. Scrapped only 9 months back in March 2015 by the Indian Supreme Court, Section 66 (A), which “prohibited the sending of information of a “grossly offensive” or “menacing” nature through computers and communication devices”, was utterly misused by the J&K Police Force since its enforcement in 2008. The Police lodged several cases against politicians, journalists, students and others in Kashmir for spreading rumors and sharing information that could "create disturbances and destroy peace in Kashmir". At least 16 people were booked in 2012 for their alleged role in organizing protests on social networking websites.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Documents/docs/IRS%202016/Feb%202016%20IRS%20Paper/Paper.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[vi]</span></span></span></a></span> <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">For security reasons, many from the youth have long been using fake names and anonymous accounts to post pro-freedom messages.</span><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Cabin, "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0in; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Technology has opened up Kashmir both physically and intellectually. Advances in road and transportation infrastructure have made inroads to distant parts of IHK as far and high as the Siachen Glacier. It was the availability of modern mountaineering technology and skills that allowed India to expand ground-centered Kashmir war to the heights of more than 15, 000 feet converting useless terrain of Siachen into a new battle-field.<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Documents/docs/IRS%202016/Feb%202016%20IRS%20Paper/Paper.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[vii]</span></span></span></a> The emergence of social media and web technology is the most significant change that has given long-subjugated people in IHK independent and diverse channels of opening up to the outside world about their sufferings and dejection in the Indian society in spite of several restrictions on freedom of speech.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Documents/docs/IRS%202016/Feb%202016%20IRS%20Paper/Paper.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> SMS banned in Kashmir Valley, The Hindu, June 10, 2010.</span><a href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/article492195.ece" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.thehindu.com/news/article492195.ece</span></a><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (accessed on 10 December 2015)</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Documents/docs/IRS%202016/Feb%202016%20IRS%20Paper/Paper.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Frequent hartals making Hurriyat unpopular: Kashmir separatists look for alternate means to be heard,<i style="box-sizing: border-box;">The First Post</i>, Nov 24, 2015. </span><a href="http://www.firstpost.com/politics/frequent-hartals-making-hurriyat-unpopular-kashmir-separatists-look-for-alternate-means-to-be-heard-2518850.html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.firstpost.com/politics/frequent-hartals-making-hurriyat-unpopular-kashmir-separatists-look-for-alternate-means-to-be-heard-2518850.html</span></a><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (accessed on December 14, 2015)<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Documents/docs/IRS%202016/Feb%202016%20IRS%20Paper/Paper.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Peter Goodspeed, Goodspeed Analysis: Youth in revolt, National Post, September 18, 2010.</span><a href="http://news.nationalpost.com/news/battle-for-kashmir-youth-in-revolt" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://news.nationalpost.com/news/battle-for-kashmir-youth-in-revolt</span></a><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (accessed on 10 December 2015)<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Documents/docs/IRS%202016/Feb%202016%20IRS%20Paper/Paper.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Fahad Shah, Kashmir’s e-protest, Open Democracy, 6 August 2010.</span><a href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/fahad-shah/kashmirs-e-protest" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">https://www.opendemocracy.net/fahad-shah/kashmirs-e-protest</span></a><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (Accessed on 10 December 2015)<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Documents/docs/IRS%202016/Feb%202016%20IRS%20Paper/Paper.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[v]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Police to block Facebook, “Twitter pages promoting Kashmir million march”, <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Greater Kashmir</i>, November 1, 2015. </span><a href="http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/police-to-block-facebook-twitter-pages-promoting-kashmir-million-march/200445.html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/police-to-block-facebook-twitter-pages-promoting-kashmir-million-march/200445.html</span></a><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #343434; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(accessed on 10 December 2015)<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #343434; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Documents/docs/IRS%202016/Feb%202016%20IRS%20Paper/Paper.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[vi]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="http://www.firstpost.com/author/sameery" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sameer Yasir</span></a><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> “WhatsApp jokes to Facebook posts: How Section 66A was abused in Kashmir”, <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">First Post</i>, March 26, 2015. </span><a href="http://www.firstpost.com/india/whatsapp-jokes-to-facebook-posts-how-section-66a-was-abused-in-kashmir-2173009.html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.firstpost.com/india/whatsapp-jokes-to-facebook-posts-how-section-66a-was-abused-in-kashmir-2173009.html</span></a><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> (accessed on 10 December 2015)</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box;"></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Documents/docs/IRS%202016/Feb%202016%20IRS%20Paper/Paper.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18.4px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[vii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Stephen P. Cohen, <i style="box-sizing: border-box;">Shooting for a Century</i>, The Brookings Institution: USA, 2013, p. 125. </span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04695631171115092797noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4468376743655570019.post-27017384305263216202016-09-08T00:43:00.003-07:002018-10-22T01:20:44.641-07:00Dam-Building in India and China – Lessons Learnt<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">India and China are two most active
countries in the world in terms of the number of dams in operation,
under-construction and planned. The primary objectives of dam-building include
irrigation, flood control and hydropower generation. However the principle
motivation behind engineering of mega-dam projects in both India and China is
the desire for economic development which they equate with large water
reservoirs and high level of hydro power development. This is simply following
the footsteps of America and Europe where similar level of mega-engineering
took place in first part of the 20<sup>th</sup> Century. </span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">China has the per capita water storage
of more than 2,000 cubic meters through dams. India has a per capita storage of
only 200 cubic meters per annum and figures for Pakistan are even very less
(Figure 1).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
China and India, both are heavily criticised by the environmentalists and human
right defenders within as well as outside the region for ecological losses and
large human displacements that the dam construction activity brings forth. China
with 22, 000 large dams<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
is the top dam-building nation in the world whereas India is third in the row
with over 4, 000 large dams only after the United States having 6,390 large
dams.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
According to the National Energy Statistics, China's 230 GW of installed
hydropower capacity make it the world's largest hydroelectric power user.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Four countries – China, India, United States and Pakistan account for more than
50% of the world’s total irrigated area (Figure 2).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
China and India account for the largest number of people displaced due to dam
construction.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure 1 <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water Storage Per
Capita<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
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<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
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o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLl_5QBEfgYPVjwi0cDpmXaSV8pA6MqD4GXvj3rV3F1b7TTSjtZkNTnO1f-wn48VJ9JCBtbdETdtlSHDwrHYh_aRE4OqHTSoEUEdS4dWCQvCQ4rVv61d-D-HHT2DPUEAvCtYKeb5bKdGI/s1600/image+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLl_5QBEfgYPVjwi0cDpmXaSV8pA6MqD4GXvj3rV3F1b7TTSjtZkNTnO1f-wn48VJ9JCBtbdETdtlSHDwrHYh_aRE4OqHTSoEUEdS4dWCQvCQ4rVv61d-D-HHT2DPUEAvCtYKeb5bKdGI/s640/image+1.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Source: World Bank,
2006.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[vii]</span></span></span></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure 2<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Percentage of irrigated
Area from Dams<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH53T-01vb6z03AowKghph0nTYl8s0m5bxWdJr0OFCek-FdCgIDFAgq0A7uwWBnmtyWGlQGqD-nNhw-SfqT7OibEoSneVqzkA7B-IyDv6zwt2KBQdAnr7bDHhA9tvN0qnpz86aGyyNogo/s1600/image+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH53T-01vb6z03AowKghph0nTYl8s0m5bxWdJr0OFCek-FdCgIDFAgq0A7uwWBnmtyWGlQGqD-nNhw-SfqT7OibEoSneVqzkA7B-IyDv6zwt2KBQdAnr7bDHhA9tvN0qnpz86aGyyNogo/s640/image+2.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;">Source:
World Commission on Dams, 2000.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[viii]</span></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The construction of water reservoirs
especially the large dams<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
became the central source of industrial and agricultural development worldwide
in the last century. According to the World Commission Report on Dams, besides
domestic and industrial benefits of dams, some 30–40% of irrigated land
worldwide now relies on dams and that dams generate 19% of world electricity.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
However, higher temperatures and less snowpack are increasingly reducing flows
in the world basins. Less available water means declined capacity for
irrigation, energy generation and domestic consumption. Climate change is
challenging mega dam projects. Scientists have begun questioning the utility of
big dams with such weather extremes as one year flood followed by the next
year’s drying up. The rate of evaporation of water stored in reservoirs is also
predicted to increase with the warming up of global climate. It is not only
environment that pays the price for mega water projects. Mass human
displacements, loss of ecological habitat, huge investments and riparian
conflicts are some of the major costs of dam-building. It has recently become
an important consideration in developing countries including India and China to
mitigate these costs at least at the national level. Genuine concerns for
cross-border or international implications of dam-building have a low priority
in both the countries. One of the most important lessons that the two case
studies provide to Pakistan is that in order to achieve sustainable water
resource development, dam-building should only become a part of an integrated
water management policy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pakistan has a poor economy. As a single basin
country with fast growing population, her water needs for domestic, industrial
and irrigation purposes are multiplying every year with huge pressure on
limited water resources. The Indus Basin is well-known for its flow dependency
on rain and glacial melt water. New scientific investigations have indicated
vast differences in glacial change behavior across the Himalayas. While
glaciers for many of the Indian and Chinese river basins are retreating fast,
contributing rapid seasonal flows, glaciers feeding the Upper Indus Basin are
in fact expanding in mass under climate change influence. The dearth of
information and research on changing flow trends in Indus Basin warrants a
careful planning in proposing and constructing any new storage reservoirs.
Dam-building is not only about investment and engineering options, operational
issues such as reservoir safety, emergency preparedness and seasonal management
call for well-informed decision making. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Asma Yaqoob</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Regional Studies</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Vol. XXXI, No.2, Spring 2013, Institute of Regional Studies, Islamabad </span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="color: blue;">To access the full article, subscribe to <a href="http://irs.org.pk/regionalstudies.html">IRS publications</a>. </span></b></span></h4>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> There are a
number of definitions of large dams. The International Commission on Large Dams
(ICLOD) uses the criterion of ‘height’ as defining a small, medium or large
dam. A dam higher <span style="color: #131413;">than 15 m is classified as a
large dam. </span>Many others refer to the gross storage capacity of a dam and
foundation design as a basis for the classification of the dams. The ICLOD
definition is used worldwide to define the size of a dam. For a detailed report
on the definition of large dams, see Shah and Dinesh Kumar, In the Midst of the
Large Dam Controversy: Objectives, <span style="color: #131413;">Criteria for Assessing
Large Water Storages in the Developing World, <i>Water Resource Management</i>, 2008, No. 22, pp. 1799–1824. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> World Bank, <i>Better Management of Indus Basin Waters: Strategic
Issues and Challenges</i>. South Asia Region, Agriculture and Rural Development
Unit, Washington D.C, 2005.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> China is the
country with the largest number of reservoirs in the world. However the
estimates vary from regional to international organisations. According to Chinese National Committee on Large Dams,
China has built 87,000 reservoirs all types by the end of 2006, of which are
more than 500 large reservoirs, more than 3,200 medium-sized reservoirs, and
small reservoirs of about 83,300. Zhao Chun, Jia Jinsheng, Zheng Cuiying,
Xia Lianqiang, Wenpeng, <i>Management System Development of Dangerous
Reservoirs in China & Preliminary Statistics Analysis of Distress Causes</i>, Chinese National Committee on Large Dams
(CHINCOLD): Beijing. (Accessed on 26 March 2012) The World Commission on
Dams Report 2000 estimates the total number of dams in China at 22,000. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> World
Commission on Dams, <i>Dams and Development:
A New Framework for Decision Making</i>, Earthscan Publications Ltd: London,
2000, p. 9. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> China sets 2012
hydropower target for rural areas, <i>Interfax
China</i>, 7 June 2012. </span><a href="http://www.interfax.cn/news/20356"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www.interfax.cn/news/20356</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (Accessed on 19
November 2012)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> World
Commission on Dams, <i>op cit.,</i> ref.8,
p. 13. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Ibid., p.17. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <i>Better Management of Indus Basin Waters –
Strategic Issues and Challenges</i>, World Bank: Islamabad, 2006. </span><a href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPAKISTAN/Data%20and%20Reference/20805819/Brief-Indus-Basin-Water.pdf"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPAKISTAN/Data%20and%20Reference/20805819/Brief-Indus-Basin-Water.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (Accessed on 8
March 2013)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> World
Commission on Dams, <i>op cit</i>., ref. 8,
P. 13.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4468376743655570019#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <i>Ibid</i>., p. xxix. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p><a href="http://filmfootlight.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Other Resources</a></o:p></span></div>
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